Lies Youve Been Told About Report Writing Online

Lies You've Been Told About Report Writing Online To continue to keep your report organized and simple to understand, there's a particular format to follow. Introduction The very first page of the report should have an introduction. Some projects need other sorts of software, including spreadsheets or video editing. The format of the title part of your report would be contingent on the duration of the said document. Writing reports isn't difficult, even when you're not a writer or don't have any interest in writing. Report writing tips are easily obtainable on the web. When you are finished you can click Back to List' to return to the major list to reassess the information that you have entered for reports. Our Inventory Report Templates are among the examples. Writing a report involves a similar procedure, and it may seem far more intimidating than making a home out of Legos. Reports function as a kind of written assessment to discover what you've learned from your reading, research or experience and to supply you with experience of an important skill that's popular in the job place. Writing reports is a truth of life for students, but it doesn't need to be difficult. Writing and selling short reports can be among the most lucrative methods to make money on the internet. The body of your report typically includes the greatest number of pages. To start with, it's important to specify which sort of reports is necessary for a specific function. A report was made to lead people throughout the info in a structured way, but also to allow them to discover the info they want quickly and easily. Keeping a few important points in mind, you can compose a skilled and perfect small business report. You need to be able to not just present the info, but you also need to be in a position to relate it to the issue or issue of the report. Essentially, a report is a brief, sharp, concise document that's written for a specific purpose and audience. After you are clear about the aim of your report, you want to start to gather relevant details. The sole point of a report is to objectively present readers with all the appropriate info in regard to a specific matter. Reading the report to an audience may also assist a writer to prevent some mistakes while additionally keeping the focus and aim of the report. Because you ultimately wish to present your report in a detailed and logical way, it's important to remember what your audience would like to see in your report. Exceptional report writers understand the importance of scope and so concentrate on specific facets of a subject or topic till they decide on a topic. You will often get a crystal clear brief for a report, including what it is that you are studying and for whom the report needs to be ready. While writing your report, you ought to be impartial. Whether you've conducted research to compose a post or maybe to study about rural development, it's vital that you compile an appropriate research report which you may then submit to the higher officials. When you are requested to compose a report you will normally be provided a report brief which supplies you with instructions and guidelines. It is imperative to compose a report in an orderly way. While submitting your reports you must make certain that the report is in the necessary format. On the flip side, an informal report is usually a brief and direct report that may be delivered through an email or memo. You could also see excellent report examples. You might want to present your report in an easy and concise style that is not difficult to read and navigate. Report writing format templates are required when you're requested to compose a report or research paper on a certain topic. Facts, Fiction and Report Writing Online Report writing is thought to be a secondary task when implementing development projects. A training report can arrive in various categories. Your Report Writing trainer is going to be assigned to you following the outcomes of your diagnostic consultancy depending on your objectives and regions of focus. It is very important to compose a fast and complete training report.

Drug Trafficking And Its Effects On America - 964 Words

In regard to Latin America, this area is a crucial geographical zone for drug trafficking and production. Due to the location, the drug trade has found its perfect home, vast mountains and forests enable huge farms to produce and ship drugs to any region they want. Whether it is Colombia, Peru or one of the many countries found to be in this vast collection of drug trafficking, it is apparent that they all share similar geographies that allow the trade to continue. As a result of this, countries in this region have been subjugated to many imperialistic like efforts to eradicate this growing issue, regardless of involvement. Through the use of diplomacy and past military intervention, the U.S. and other countries have tried to keep a grip on the ever growing drug ring surrounding this area. Unfortunately, it has become evident that the effort given by the U.S. is not enough to combat this ever growing and secure market. Drug trafficking first started to show itself in Latin America d uring the years from the 1960s to 1970s, when the use of drugs began to become more popular throughout the youth of this period (â€Å"Crandal†). During this time, the people in these exporting countries started to see a large growth in the revenues brought upon by the trafficking, and rural communities began to supply more and more drugs, beginning with Marijuana, but eventually becoming a much larger exporter of cocaine(â€Å"Drug Trafficking†). Cocaine began to seem like the perfect drug to trafficShow MoreRelatedDrug Trafficking And Its Effects On America1600 Words   |  7 Pages In a country of struggling economies, many have viewed the drug trade as one South American’ s most successful businesses. Latin America s drug trafficking industry has been depicted in United States popular culture through motion pictures such as Scarface and Traffic. The purpose of my research is to take away society’s perception of what Hollywood has depicted drug trade to be and bring out what narcotics trafficking really is, as well as trying to coincide with the motivations of those peopleRead MoreDrug Trafficking And Its Effects On America1137 Words   |  5 Pages Drug trafficking has turned into one of the important and complex world issue today. Drug trafficking is the act of selling producing and transporting drugs that are illegal this can be seen in small or large scale operations. Today s drug market is huge and most of the drug related business takes place mostly between Mexico and the U.S. This paper will explore how the Mexican cartels cause crime in order to gain money, induce fear upon the population, and gain power in Mexico. From the yearRead MoreDrug Trafficking And Its Effects On America1261 Words   |  6 Pagesissues that threatens to destroy humanity. Drug trafficking has become the king of these issues, with the other issues slowly branching off as subjects to serve their king. Currently, Mexican drug cartels dominate the wholesale illicit drug market, earning $13.4 to $49.4 billion annually. Since this investment is extremely large, it has become an exhausting challenge to try to destroy the drug trafficking as it threat ens to hurt innocents. As the danger of drugs drifts in the streets of Mexico, so doesRead MoreDrug Trafficking Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesDrug trafficking has been a major issue not only in this country but across the world. Drug trafficking has a major foothold in South America, more specifically Mexico and Colum- bia. Both these countries have given birth to some of the most notorious â€Å"Cartels† the world has ever seen. From Pablo Escobar to Joaquin â€Å"El Chapo† Guzman, these are just some of the infa- mous men who have established drug trafficking into the multi-billion dollar business it has be- come today. â€Å"Drug Trafficking OrganizationsRead MoreThe Illegal Drug Business1361 Words   |  5 PagesThe Drug Business Paper Introduction The smuggling of drugs has been a part of the society for over a century in most parts of the world. This form of business has flourished mostly in the developed countries such as the United States of America, where the demand for drugs is high while there is no or very small production in the country. The production in the countries where drugs such as cocaine, heroin, cannabis, etc are supplied is banned mostly under the respective local laws, and thereforeRead MoreDrug Trafficking877 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Trafficking in the United States Americans like to hide thoughts of the bad in society, one of these thoughts often hid or forget about is drug trafficking. Drug trafficking effects everyone from the one-percent down to the people of poverty. Billions of dollars of drugs are bought and sold, with billions more being spent to fight the trafficking of illicit drugs in the United State. With all the money spent to prevent drug trafficking Americans need to understand the harmful effects. Drug TraffickingRead MoreDrug Trafficking1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issueRead MoreEssay on Mexican/Latin American â€Å"War† on Drugs and Trafficking1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issue inRead MoreIllicit Drug Trafficking : An Organized Crime1481 Words   |  6 Pagesthis paper was to gather research of the topic called illicit drug trafficking. It explores 10 online research articles and websites that relate to illicit drug trafficking. These articles however, vary in their research about the topic. It begins by stating how illicit drug trafficking is considered an organized crime. Two of the main drugs that are trafficked are cocaine and heroin. As a result of drug trafficking, the war on drugs has been a problem for many decades in different countries. Read Moreâ€Å"The War On Drugs Is A Big Fucking Lie†. In Recent History,1560 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The war on drugs is a big fucking lie† In recent history, there has been much rhetoric surrounding the eradication of cross-border drug trafficking. The â€Å"war on drugs† was introduced in the 1970s by Nixon, who wanted to eliminate the drugs coming into the United States, since they were seen by him as a threat to our nation. Many laws have been enacted with the purpose keeping illicit drugs out of the United States, yet they do so through the use of nativist ideology, which upholds white supremacy

GAMBLING FOR EDUCATION Essay Example For Students

GAMBLING FOR EDUCATION Essay GAMBLING FOR EDUCATION You cannot ignore the fact that there will be divorce problems, domestic abuse problems, homelessness and addiction problems if you pass this bill (Williams). Senator J.T. Jabo Waggoner, of Alabama, made this statement opposing the lottery bill. At first glance, this would put fear in the predominantly protestant state of Alabama, which is in the heart of the Bible Belt, as well as surrounding states that are trying to obtain a lottery. However, these problems are prevalent in the country, without the lottery. First well look to Websters Dictionary to define gambling. Webster says 1 a: to play a game for money or property b: to bet on an uncertain outcome 2: to stake something on a contingency: take a chance. (1) One might ask, why is the lottery any different from the dog tracks that currently occupy the state? Gambling is gambling right. It seems the state has already legalized gambling. North Carolina, the largest state in the U.S. without a lottery, has fou ght unsuccessfully for decades to pass a lottery bill. Residents of North Carolina are sinking more than 71 million dollars per year into the lottery. They are driving to surrounding states to spend money that will have no direct benefit to their states educational system. It is estimated, that by legalizing a state lottery, more than 300 million dollars in revenue would be generated for state education programs. For example, since passing the bill in 1992, Georgia has distributed more than 5.6 billion dollars in scholarships to more than than 600,000 students. The lottery does so by providing financial rewards for better grades. Although these statistics show it has been successful in providing rewards, opposition to the lottery has remained steady and strong, with specific community support. There is an organization in Tennessee named Gambling Free Tennessee Alliance(GTFA). Mike Williams, a staff writer for the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, paraphrased Joe Rogers, leader of th e GTFA, as stating that the lotterycreates social problems and entices the poor to spend a disproportionate part of their income on the game (Poe). Williams goes on to say the GTFA feels that by passing the bill it would reduce revenue on taxed items such as food, liquor, gasoline, and cigarettes. This statement is assuming that people who play the lottery are providing substantial revenue by purchasing the taxed products and that they are willing to trade them in for a lottery ticket, which is far-fetched at best. The morality of this statement is also in question. The GTFA is presuming that a persons money would be better spent on alcohol. It would seem that a six pack of tickets would do less harm, at least physically, than a six pack of beer. The anti-lottery campaign organizations, that work so tirelessly to combat the lottery institution, are fighting an uphill battle. The lottery has already proven to be a success. If every lottery player were addicted to the point at which h e/she stops paying for taxed goods, and their rent for that matter, the cycle would prove fatal for the business. Patrons would be jobless, homeless, careless, and they would be unable to keep the money flowing into the market. There would be no demand for lottery tickets if everyone were unemployed. The situation of lottery patrons that cross state borders weekly and in some cases daily is out of control. Chattanooga native, Jay Anderson, drives 10 miles each week during a lunch break to purchase tickets for himself, friends and family. It makes more sense to spend this money in ones own state so that the patron may actually benefit from the incentives programs. Senator Steve Cohen, a Memphis Democrat, who has tried to get the lottery in his state for the past 18 years and strongly agrees with the previous statement. Cohen states, lets keep our best and brightest in Tennessee. Theres no hope for education funding in Tennessee except for the lottery. Other states have benefited, and I think it would be a shame if Tennessee blows it and doesnt vote for this lottery (Poe). A person representing a states well being, both politically and economically, would not do something that the citizens did not approve of as a majority and that might impact that state negatively. That would be illegal and immoral, and that individual would be jeopardizing his/her political position. Rogers, of the GTFA, opposes Cohens proposal because it would only benefit students who already plan on attending college. However, the bill states that after every qualifying student receives a scholarship, any money left over will be distributed to K-12 schools for early learning and after-school programs. On Thursday June 19, 2003 the bill did in fact pass, and plans to distribute scholarships for the fall semester of 2004 are well under way. By passing this bill, Tennessee succeeded in voicing the opinion of the voters. These voters were afforded the opportunity to voice their opinions because they observed the benefits neighboring states acquired by putting the lottery in place. .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff , .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff .postImageUrl , .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff , .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff:hover , .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff:visited , .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff:active { border:0!important; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff:active , .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1564851778f746cb63515a0b2696d5ff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Battle for Latin American Hearts and Minds Essay There are still twelve states that do not have a lottery. One might wonder how long it will take for these states to harvest this low hanging fruit before raising sales or state income tax to continue funding second rate educational systems. Republicans and conservative Democrats will continue to argue that gambling is morally wrong, but others in the state will keep fighting for the opportunity to give the youth of America a chance for a better educated future.

Value Chain of Waner free essay sample

Porters value chain identifies strategically relevant activities that create value and cost Nina specific business. In terms of the Value Chain, Warner MME Music should not have much toothache. This Is true as both companies (Time Warner and MME) shared prior to the merger scalar behavior. In terms of primary activities, the operational system of Warner MME Music should banned to compete on costs. The company must reduce manufacturing costs as a result of cone-miles of scale. Dealing with advertising, Warner MME Music should maintain active in using telephone as its main promotional tool.With regard to support activities and specifically firm infra- structure, the company should cut down corporate overhead and seek to simplify information sys-tem to reduce costs of the accounting department. Further, personnel should be carefully selected by the human resource management and trained to keep up with technological changes and ad-Vance in the market place. It is also highly recommended that the Warner MME Group shouldering the linkages of different departments and activities in the value chain. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Chain of Waner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is important salt can reassure consistency, effectiveness and pragmatic organizational execution.It Is possible to present the above In a graphical form. This Is Illustrated In Figure 1 that follows Suitability, Acceptability and Feasibility After discussing the strategic direction and methods available to the company it is onetime to assess and evaluate whether the proposed strategic approach is suitable, feasible and AC-acceptable for Warner MME Music. Figure 10 shows how these various aspects of evaluation can befitted together to assess the selection of the strategic direction. Acceptability Return Stakeholder reactions Assessment of suitability Establishing the rational Screening optionPlanned Enforced Learning Command Epistemologically analysis Identifies theorganisationscircumstances Strategic options Identifies possibilities for development Source: Johnson et al. 11999: 354). Fig. 10. A Framework for the Evaluation and Selection of Strategies It can be argued that the strategic approach proposed in this case is suitable as it addressee circumstances in which the organization is operating. This includes the extent to Inch the negotiates would fit with the future trends and changes in the environment and also the way desegregates exploits the core competences of the organization. It is suitable, as it is detailed after an in depth investigation and strategic analysis of the situational environment both internally and Exeter-anally to the organization. It can be stated that the proposed strategy it sufficiently exploits the pop- opportunities in the environment and avoids the threads. It also capitalists on the organisationalstrengths and core competences and avoids the weaknesses. It can be said that the strategy is AP- appropriate given the growth stage of the product life cycle.Moreover, it improves value for moneyed exploits the core competences in the value Hahn, strengthens the balance of activities as De-tailed by the portfolio analysis, reinforces the selected strategic positioning approach and leaderless MME Music towards a better financial performance. This is illustrated below in Figure 11 Establishing the suitability of options is useful to an evaluation as it establishes the RA-action and strategic logic behind the proposed strategic direction. Ho wever, strategies also have to be acceptable to a variety of stakeholders (managers, Norfolk, public, government, shareholders,suppliers, customers). Acceptability is Hereford concerned with the expected performance out-comes (such as return or risk) if the strategy was implemented, and the extent to which dishtowels be in line Ninth the expectations of stakeholders. It can be said that the strategic directional methods desired by Warner MME Music are acceptable as different analytical methods illus-treated that the return, cost benefit, risk and shareholders values are positive. It Nil improve work-inning conditions for managers and workforce, increase supplies for suppliers, offer a better prod-cut/service to customers and increase dividends and be made to work in Para-twice.Assessing the feasibility of a strategy requires an emphasis on more detailed, often quantity-dive, assessment of practicalities of resounding and strategic capability. It can be argued that War-near MME Music has the resources and competences to deliver the proposed strategies. As a result of an assessment of its financial feasibility, it is evident that th e new company has the financial re-sources to implement the desired strategic direction. Moreover, it is capable in promoting it, interns of human resources, as its employees acquire the relevant expertise, competences and skillfulness. Conclusions Irish case has been compiled to put forward the authors suggestions for future straightforwardness open to Warner MME Music as they develop during the period of 2000-2010. The case was divided into four main sections. Section one was concerned with an nevi-ornamental scanning including an analysis of Porters Value Chain and Five Forces models. Dissection identified the key strategic issues for the new company and industry and provided an over-view of their internal strengths and Insaneness and external opportunities and threats.The condensation provided meaningful recommendations, strategic directions and methods to Warner Music for the key strategies to be followed in the first decade of the new millennium. This is JNI-deterrent by utilizing a number of respected strategic models including the Insofar Matrix, John-son and Schools directions for strategic development and development strategies, and Perpetrators generic strategies. Section three dealt with the cultural org anizational issues that have risen by the formation of the new company and section four examined whether the proposed strategy accessible, suitable and acceptable to be used by Warner MME Music.

Child Marriage

Child Marriage Child marriage

Air Definition in Science

Air Definition in Science The term air refers to gas, but exactly which gas depends on the context in which the term is used. Learn about the modern definition of air in scientific disciplines and the earlier definition of the term. Modern Air Definition Air is the general name for the mixture of gases that makes up the Earths atmosphere. On the Earth, this gas is primarily nitrogen (78 percent), with oxygen (21 percent), water vapor (variable), argon (0.9 percent), carbon dioxide (0.04 percent), and many trace gases. Pure air has no discernible scent and no color. Air typically contains dust, pollen, and spores. Other contaminants are referred to as air pollution. On another planet (e.g., Mars), the air would have a different composition. There is no air in space. Older Air Definition Air is also an early chemical term for a type of gas. Many individual airs made up the air we breathe. Vital air was later determined to be oxygen, phlogisticated air became nitrogen. An alchemist might refer to any gas released by a chemical reaction as its air.

Green IT Strategies and Applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Green IT Strategies and Applications - Essay Example There is a need to develop consensus and awareness among the corporations and hierarchy alike as to how implementing green based IT approach will benefit them both (Unhelkar, 2011). Is it an indirect condemnation of capitalism and promotion of capitalism? Without insight, this statement of the author can be easily taken out of context and preached as pro communist but in reality this is not the case here. The author simply means that in blind pursuit of profits for the company several important things like green IT measures are forgotten along the way which can benefit both the society and the corporation but is not seen by these public private entities because of blind following of profiteering and lack of vision. The political set up has nothing to do with it except implementing it and making legislations regarding it that will enable the green IT revolution to flourish. Other than that is strictly irrelevant to the cause. West and East Germany, People’s Republic of China an d Soviet Union as communist states were supposed to give equality and life of equal living to its citizens but in the environmental they had failed miserably (In case of China, it is still failing to address this issue). This went wrong not because they were communists. It went wrong because they failed to identify and correct the long term problems that come associated with industrialization like lower emissions and less nitrogenous content in the atmosphere. Why isn’t anyone implementing these Green IT procedures when they are proved to be more profitable? In the race for getting more profits, markets and control, the companies fail to address the longevity of the issues facing the world like pollution, perceived shortage of power and the recent issue of IT junk. The lack of implementation in this regard will also hurt the very environment which the corporations rely on to buy their products and services. The green IT ways are more efficient both monetarily and function wis e and it’s a dire need to create awareness about them at all levels of corporate and governmental enterprises. The implementation of these practices will not only result in increased profits and versatility (e.g. cloud hosting) to these organizations but it will also set a healthy trend in the market encouraging more and more to go green. As the new lean concept that was previously strictly the domain of Japanese Auto manufacturers making its way to companies around the world, the reduction of waste and careful monetary inspection of each process getting more and more importance, these efficient green IT products and upgrades are soon hopeful of making entry to the corporate fold (Jones, 2012). Is change in attitude towards green IT really positive or could it be coercion to transfer to new ways? The author clearly states that there are financial benefits to be reaped if an organization shifts to green IT applications, hardware and waste management so if there are monetary an d environmental benefits available at the same time one should really go for it and there should be no coercion involved. The author has over emphasized some points like the environmental benefits and the corporations lacking vision but if you see it the other way, we can feel that if lower

Do cell phones cause cancer Review the science about the potential Essay

Do cell phones cause cancer Review the science about the potential hazard to human health - Essay Example hildren and adults, and the actuality that these phones emit radio- frequency waves, researchers and health specialists have raised concern about the safety of cellular phone utilization. With regard to cancer, the focus is on whether the users of cell phones are more prone to the risk of brain tumors and other tumors in the neck and head area. The radio frequency waves from cell phone are given off through the antenna. The nearer the cell phone is held to the head, the closer the antenna and a greater exposure to radio frequency energy of the person using the cell phone. A number of factors affect the quantity of radio frequency waves absorbed by the brain, including: total time the person spends on phone, as different phones emit different amount of waves therefore the model of phone being used, how close the phone is held to the head, and the amount of cell phones a specific area at the time. Public health specialists and researchers throughout the world are busy in vigorous discussions concerning whether radiation from the cell phones lead to brain cancer or not. The early studies of short term cell phone use did not find any evidence for augmented risk of brain cancer, but the studies conducted for long-term cell phone utilization, have instituted a greater risk of developing two types of brain cancers on the ipsilateral side, that is, the side of brain on which the mobile phone is mostly held. The two types of cancers are: A multinational case-control study was developed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in the late 1990s. It was named â€Å"INTERPHONE† and its purpose was to attend to rising public concerns about the safety of cell phones which were becoming very strong. The objective of the INTERPHONE case study was to look into and determine whether the radio frequency radiations which are emitted by the cell phones are carcinogenic. Thirteen countries were participants of this project and the study took place from year 2000 to

Teaching children Essay Example for Free

Teaching children Essay While it is necessary to monitor the programs that children are viewing on television, it is also important to understand that children do not have the concept of what is real and unreal at an early age. Teaching children to become media skeptics is expecting them to think and rationalize like adults. In the essay, Remote Control: How to Raise a Media Skeptic, Susan Douglas narrates how she tells her young daughter to become a more discriminating television viewer. The author is not against children watching television as evident in her statement, â€Å"I am not one of those virtuous, haloed parents who has banished the box from the home. She points out that growing up with TV provides her daughter with a form of cultural literacy that is important for the child’s growing years. She only wants her daughter to understand about what is on television and why it is there. It is an act of showing the child that whatever she sees on commercials is not what it is in reality. She believes that talking to children about what they see on television and what is unreal is important in raising them to become media skeptic. It is similar to giving them the skills and the tools to know that not everything is true on television because advertisements are there to attract us to buy products that are not as good as they are presented on TV. By nature, children are attracted to toys that are colorful, with moving parts and attractive sounds and media knows how to attract the very young consumers. Children prefer anything that stimulates their senses. They do not have the capability to understand about safety, durability, and cost. They are just kids who want to play with their toys. When they are in the toy section, they will pick toys that are seen on cartoons shows or TV commercials. When I was a child, I never had parents like Susan Douglas. My parents never pointed out what is good on television or what is real and unreal with what we see on the commercials. As we grow up, we have our own ability to know whether we are being fooled by the advertisements or whether they are telling us the truth. I believe that as long as we are studying, talking with people and we are exposed to all forms of media, the knowledge of determining what is real and not real will come naturally even without the intervention of the adults. Being a media critic, the writer Susan Douglas is sensitive to whatever she views on television. There is also a strong tendency for her to push her opinions on others and influence them on what she believes is real and what is not real. She monitors her daughter well and fears the effect of media on her child. Although there are positive and negative effects of television on the young viewers, I also believe that we should keep tract on what the children are viewing. However, I do not agree that children should be trained to become media skeptics at a young age. Adults should allow their children to be children. Pointing out everything that is right or wrong on television will affect the imaginary minds of the children. It will also spoil the fun of making children enjoy the toys that are in the market. We should not hasten the growth of the child and make them think like adults. I do not agree with the statement that â€Å"one of the best words to use when you’re watching TV with your kids is stupid. † Adults do not have the same imagination as children. What is stupid for adults may be fun for the kids. In time, children will know that ladies do not have perfect figures like the Barbie dolls and that both males and females do household chores and change babies’ diapers. Susan Douglas’ method may be effective because children trust the opinions of their parents and regard them as an authority figure. However, since most of us were not taught by our parents to be media skeptics, I believe that her techniques will not be fully acceptable to all parents.

Essays --

Como ya se sabe la vida de un ser humano depende mucho en lo que la salud le brinde en su vida diaria. Para muchos de los seres humanos en el mundo, el no cuidarse les provoca enfermedades, las cuales producen que el ser sea parte de una vida la cual no sea protegida y sin ayuda mà ©dica. Con eso la exposicià ³n a la vida que se vive afuera expone al ser humano a situaciones severas y a veces causa una ayuda mà ¡s para ellos. En Mà ©xico como se sabe, el derecho a la salud es de una de las tantas principales bases para que el ser humano viva en el lugar correcto con una buena salud y con el bienestar que es necesario en su vida. La salud es el motor principal para que el humano sepa por donde su vida se pone en riesgo y por donde se puede pasar sin ningà ºn problema. Tambià ©n el ser humano es el cuerpo que en la ciencia forma parte por lo que la salud existe y mà ¡s teniendo a la piel expuesta a las bacterias y otras cosas que puedan afectar a la vida diaria de cada ser. Por el momento en Mà ©xico la salud es parte de la vida y pues con el derecho puesto en cada ser humano el producto resulta una ayuda mà ¡s para la poblacià ³n que la necesita. Con la promocià ³n del derecho de la salud en Mà ©xico se a puesto a prueba el uso de este para que los individuos se den cuenta la importancia y la necesidad que es tenerla. Teniendo el punto de vista de otro paà ­s, India, me a puesto otra perspectiva con la el significado que se toma en Mà ©xico de la salud. El contraste es masivo y pues la vida se puede poner en riesgo en los dos paà ­ses pero la salud se ve de otro modos en cada uno de estos paà ­ses. La India se mete en un lugar en donde las situaciones de su salud son normalmente provocadas por la escasez de higiene que existe en el paà ­s. Con esto se està ¡n provoca... ...mo el Programa Nacional de Salud, poniendo nuevos objetivos. Primero se querà ­a poner mas refuerzos interinstitucionales para el desarrollo de programas conjuntos e incrementar la cobertura y poner la oportunidad de los servicios de la salud mas gente de la poblacià ³n. Con todo esto, el gobierno mexicano esperaba elevar el à ­ndice de vida, reducir las tasas de mortalidad en todos sus tipos y mejorar la salud del paà ­s poniendo a la infraestructura primero que nada. Todo el tiempo se siguià ³ este esfuerzo y pues el sexenio que siguià ³ de Ernesto Zedillo, fue parte de esto tambià ©n. Durante el siglo XX, los gobiernos presentes en estas dos ultimas dà ©cadas el de De la Madrid, Salinas de Gortari y Ernesto Zedillo, trataron de meter unas series de medidas y programas para poder fortalecer y modificar el tema de la salud en el paà ­s y para poder ofrecerle mayores oportunidades

Media and Children

Today I came here to discuss the topic media and children In this topic I will I tell you what is the influence of media on our childrens But First of all I will explain to you what is media? Media: Communication channels  through which  news,  entertainment,  education,  data, or  promotional messages  are disseminated. In my opinion Our media has negative impact on our children’s . because When children see scenes of violence, natural disasters, and crime reports on TV Which leads to stress, and fear among children leaving far reaching impacts on their personality.Now I will tell you some points with examples Blind Imitation: you have often seen that young girls and boys imitate celebrities blindly do you give a thought to whether they are doing right or wrong?. in such that the impact of media is wrong Wrong Message: in our society negatives are highlighted with the purpose of awakening people about them. For example, the negative effects of addiction are port rayed through advertisements. Newspapers, television and the Internet are used to convey social messages.But unfortunately sometimes, the message is misconstrued. Unhealthy Lifestyle: Media is responsible for the change in eating habits of teenagers and the unhealthy lifestyle they are adopting. Media Addiction: The negative effects of media on children are manifested in terms of their changing mental setup and the declining quality of their lifestyle. Health Problems: Media has negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of society. People spending hours in front of a television or surfing the Internet experience eye problems.A survey is conducted by  Gilani Research Foundation, on January 20, 2011 According to that survey Fifty two per cent people believed that media has a valuable effect on culture and lives . Whereas,   29 per cent said that it left no impact on their lives. A considerable 19 per cent gave no comments because they were unsure. Now I will te ll you about a seminar which is organized by a Youth Forum on Tuesday, June 29, 2004 at Aga Khan University Auditorium. The speakers said that research had shown that children were prone to imitate what they saw on media.Teachers' Development Centre Director Prof Abbas Hussain said that children through media got aware about certain facts of life mysteries, contradictions, tragedies and violence, which were not considered suitable for them to know. suggestions parents should see what children were watching in order to minimize the effects of such programmes. â€Å"Television should not be used as a baby-sitter,† we should remove television sets from bedrooms, monitoring of the websites they visit, setting of time limitation and finding alternative activities for them would be very helpful in reducing negative effects on personality of children.

The Depletion Of Global Oil Reserves Environmental Sciences Essay

The literature reappraisal summarized the research done on the job that planetary oil militias are consuming twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours and there is a desperate demand to happen out and utilised surrogate energy options particularly for a underdeveloped state. The depletion of planetary oil militias has led to struggles between the states and surging of monetary values. Oil is the chief beginning of energy and developing states are confronting batch of jobs due to shortage of oil in supplying their populations better life criterions. The literature besides covered state of affairs of deficit of oil militias and energy crises consequent to it. It identifies chief consumers of oil in a state and jump energy resources that could perchance be worked on to run into the energy demand through beginnings other than oil.Depletion OF GLOBAL OIL RESERVESThe API estimated in 1999 the universe ‘s oil supply would be depleted between 2062 and 2094, presuming entire universe oil militias between 1.4 and 2 trillion barrels and ingestion at 80 million barrels per twenty-four hours. In 2004, entire universe militias were estimated to be 1.25 trillion barrels and day-to-day ingestion was about 85 million barrels, switching the estimated oil depletion twelvemonth to 2057. The US EIA predicted that universe ingestion of oil will increase to 98.3 million barrels per twenty-four hours in 2015 and 118 in 2030. With 2009 universe oil ingestion at 84.4, making the jutting 2015 degree of ingestion would stand for an mean one-year addition between 2009 and 2015 of 2.7 % per twelvemonth while EIA ‘s ain figures show worsening ingestion and worsening supplies during the 2005-2010 period. The universe ‘s oil supply is fixed because crude oil is of course formed far excessively easy to be replaced at the rate at which it is being extracted. Over many 1000000s of old ages, plankton, bacteriums, and other works and carnal affair become buried in deposits on the ocean floor. When conditions are right – a deficiency of O for decomposition, and sufficient deepness and temperature of burial – these organic remains are converted into crude oil compounds, while the deposit attach toing them is converted into sandstone, siltstone, and other porous sedimentary stone. When capped by impermeable stones such as shale, salt, or pyrogenic invasions, they form the crude oil reservoirs which are exploited today.3.2 ENERGY SECTOR IN PAKISTANEnergy is considered as one of the most of import inputs to economic growing and development. Its ingestion is besides one of the important indexs of the degree of development of any state. It is now good recognized that energy se rvices play a important function in heightening societal and economic development. Energy has become an engine of economic growing at local and planetary degree. It is needed worldwide for furthering and prolonging development procedure position of developing or developed provinces of the economic system. Keeping in position the planetary economic growing coupled with an addition in population, the demand for energy is bound to increase and run intoing this demand poses serious challenges at the planetary degree. In coming decennaries, the demand for energy is expected to turn more quickly in developing states. Since independency, the cardinal push of Pakistan ‘s energy policy has been on augmenting the state ‘s energy system. As a consequence of important planning and public investing, there has been significant enlargement of energy sector. Despite the important development in the energy sector, Pakistan yet suffers from energy deficit. This state of affairs has been progressively viewed as a constriction to industrial and agricultural sectors that in bend are seen critical in exciting the economic and societal development. Bing a developing state, Pakistan has faced the challenge of fueling industry and agribusiness sectors adequately for run intoing growing marks and supplying energy at low-cost monetary values to hapless particularly those populating in the rural countries. The handiness of energy at low-cost monetary values can be a major factor that determines a whole array of other productive activities taking to economic growing.NATIONAL ENERGY MIXEnergy sector in Pakis tan comprises electricity, gas, crude oil, coal and atomic power. The portion of natural gas in primary energy supplies during 2010 reached 45 per centum followed by oil ( 28 per centum ) , hydro electricity ( 15 per centum ) , coal ( 10 per centum ) and atomic electricity ( 2 per centum ) . As can be seen Pakistan is dependent on oil and Gas, which together contribute about 73 % of the entire primary energy supplied.3.4 POWER GENERATION, SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTIONThe sum installed capacity coevals during 2006-07, was 19,440 MW. WAPDA generated 11,363 MW of which, hydle histories for 56.9 per centum or 6,463 MW, thermic histories for 43.1 per centum or 4,900 MW. IPPs coevals was 5858 ( MW ) which constituted 30 % of entire installed capacity. KESC with 1756 ( MW ) contributed 9.1 % portion and atomic added 2.4 % .Number of WAPDA consumers stood at 17 million out of which family accounted for 84 % , commercial 13 % and industrial and agricultural1.4 % each. As on 30th June, 2007 industrial sector consumed 26 % , agriculture 12 % and households 43 % besides commercial and others. The one-year per capita electricity ingestion in Pakistan is about 320kwh, and this lone caters for 60 per centum of the population. Forty per centum of Pakistanis st ill have no entree to electricity. There is presently load sloughing of up to 700 MW a twenty-four hours because of deficit & A ; hapless transmittal capablenesss. Electricity demand is expected to turn by eight per cent a twelvemonth during the period 2005 – 2015, necessitating an one-year installing capacity of about 2000 MW for the following 10 old ages. Presently about 45 % of Pakistan ‘s power supply is based on natural gas, 28 % on oil, 15 % on hydro and staying on coal, atomic and renewable electricity. Keeping in position the current power mix, it is indispensable to concentrate on autochthonal and cost effectual beginnings for power coevals.3.5 CURRENT ENERGY GAP IN PAKISTANPakistan is presently confronting electricity deficit of around 4000-9000 MW. Everyone agrees that an indispensable stipulation for industrial development is an uninterrupted supply of power.The installed capacity for coevals of electricity in the state is 11,500 MW of which 82.7 per cent was thermic ; 15.3 per centum was hydroelectric and 2 per centum was atomic. Pakistan needs to prolong an one-year economic growing rate of at least 6 to 7 per centum to relieve poorness and recognize desirable socio-economic and human development. To accomplish the growing mark of GDP, it is perfectly indispensable that the minimal electricity growing rate is maintained. The proviso of adequate and dependable supply of electricity at a sensible cost is a requirement to achieve this end. Power is the premier mover. Any large push of the economic system would necessitate accelerated power development. But there is a likeliness that Pakistan ‘s current economic growing might non prolong in the absence of consistent and uninterrupted devolution of new power undertakings.3.6 REVIEW OF PAKISTAN ‘S ENERGY PORTFOLIOLooking at the power portfolio of Pakistan it looks as if we are populating in an oil rich state. Soon, Pakistan has batch of oil fired power workss. Continuous hiking in furnace oil monetary values can do them unviable in close hereafter. But even if fortunes are non utmost, even if there are no turbulences in bring forthing states, no terrorist onslaughts and supply breaks, the monetary values will maintain traveling up. Why? Because there is a cardinal instability for oil in the universe economic system. Production is merely plenty to run into demand. There is no trim capacity to take attention of unanticipated closures, supply break or a farther rise in demand. Such an unbalance power profile carries serious reverberations. An evenhanded power portfolio would necessitate a just balance among assorted beginnings of power with no inordinate trust on any. One of the few affairs which must be considered in set uping the power portfolio is that inordinate trust on any individual beginning particularly foreign beginning on which we have no control over supply and monetary value can do things suffering any clip. Oil import measure of more than $ 7 billion or about 50 % of foreign exchange militias of a developing economic system with no hopes of making exportable excess in the close hereafter is doubtless really dismaying. As 28 % of the power coevals is based on oil therefore any hinderance in the transit of oil can do terrible harm to the economic system. In short, clip has proved that the best solution for all such jobs is encouragement and development of autochthonal resource. Many states, including the developed and emerging economic systems, have adopted extended plans for increasing hydle and coal based power into their energy portfolios. It would non be incorrect if we say that uninterrupted carelessness of autochthonal resource has made Pakistan ‘s power policy directionless. This carelessness, absence of precedences and concentrating on expensive foreign fuel has made inexpensive electricity and ego trust a twenty-four hours dream. Pakistan is fortunate plenty to hold two inexpensive autochthonal resources for power coevals i.e. H2O and coal. But it is absolute bad fortune that we have non been able to utilize both of these resources efficaciously. Estimated coal militias of Pakistan are around 185,175 million dozenss which is one of the largest coal militias of the universe whereas their use for electricity coevals is hardly 10 per centum. Basically autochthonal coal-based power will convey assorted benefits for Pakistan ; foremost and first benefit would be huge nest eggs in foreign exchange on import of expensive oil. Coal based power workss are labour intensive and will make 1000s of new occupations and assorted other new concern chances at works site in peculiar and in Pakistan in general.ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PAKISTANLike any other state, energy is critical for the economic development of Pakistan. Energy should non merely be available but it must be ensured that it is available at a s ensible and low-cost monetary value and with out any break. For a underdeveloped state, like Pakistan where the chief emphasis is on the poorness relief, energy dramas a positive function. It is imperative that energy production should be environment friendly. More over a mix of energy beginnings will be helpful in variegation of the sector and would guarantee the proviso of this critical resource where it is required. The phase of economic development and the criterion of life of persons in a given part strongly act upon the nexus between economic growing and energy demand. An increased usage of energy, either through natural gas or electricity, impacts favorably on the life criterions of the hapless as they so spend less clip looking for alternate signifiers of fuel such as firewood. Similarly, the proviso of electricity to the rural countries can assist in raising productiveness degrees of small-scale industry thereby indirectly raising income degrees and in the longer term bettering the quality of life for the rural hapless. Rural electrification is of import because it brings to the rural countries the benefits that urban consumers take for granted -an betterment in the criterion of life with the associated socio-economic benefits. Provision of electric power besides has a strictly economic result that of increasing the productive capacity of the rural countries with additions in agricultural end product.3.7 PAKISTAN ENERGY SECURITY PLAN AND ENERGY MIXPakistan historically has been subjected to energy demand suppression due to limited supplies and deficiency of substructure development for proviso of energy to the industrial sector. The non handiness of sustained and low-cost energy to industry has suppressed economic growing and created worsening inclination for industrial investing in the state. It is now more of import so of all time that an equal supply be made available to industry to drive economic growing, and make employment chances. Energy has besides to be made available to the domestic sector and the life line sections of society to supply economic support and the convenience of clean fuel for cookery and warming and forestall the go oning environmental debasement and deforestation by monolithic usage of wood for domestic fuel. The commercial handiness to assorted sector of the economic system will assist in increasing occupation chances, heightening agribusiness productiveness, bettering criterion of life and preserving environment through cut downing deforestation. A long term integrated National Energy Security Plan, covering the period up to 2030 has late been approved by the Government vide Mid Term Development Framework ( MTDF ) . The energy sector development is aimed at ( I ) sweetening in the development of hydropower, and geographic expedition and production activities of oil, gas and coal resources, and to increase the portion of coal and alternate energy in the overall energy mix, ( two ) optimal use of the state ‘s resources base to cut down dependance on imported oil through an institutionalised scheme, ( three ) making an environment conducive to the engagement of the private sector, and ( four ) developing the local energy scenario in the context of regional position. The current energy mix includes 28 per centum oil, 45 per centum natural gas, 10 per centum coal, 15 per centum hydro and 2 per centum atomic. By 2015, the portion of oil and gas is targeted to be reduced to 25 per centum and 42 per centum severally with matchi ng additions in the portion of coal to 12 per centum, hydro to 17.6 per centum, renewable to 1 per centum and atomic to 3 per centum. Over the long term, the addition in other beginnings of energy, has been targeted with significant decrease in the portion of oil.EXISTING ENERGY RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN THE CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES3.8 HYDROPOWERThe identified hydro power potency of Pakistan is 46,000 MW, out of which merely 14 per cent ( 6,500 MW ) has been exploited so far. Despite this large potency, no hydro power undertaking has been established by WAPDA since Tarbela Dam. The most executable and economical undertaking Kala Bagh Dam has become so controversial that it could non take off though consecutive authoritiess wished so. There are programs to develop the hydro resources on a big graduated table through storage and run -of-the-river undertakings. Feasibility surveies of several undertakings have already been prepared, while surveies of several extra undertakings are in advance ment or planned. Hydro is one of the major economic energy supply options in Pakistan for increasing the energy security of the state. The experts caution that for the clip skylines of around 100 old ages, hydro storage undertakings are ‘non -renewable ‘ due to the silting of these reservoirs. For illustration, over the last 30 old ages, the storage capacity of Tarbela dike has been reduced by 27 per cent due to silting. Similarly, there is a universe broad concern over the disruption of population and the environmental jeopardies associated with big dikes. Another issue related to the hydro power is that a big figure of extra sites with major possible exist in the cragged North, but the trouble of entree and the high cost of transmittal to the thickly settled South make the thought into a completed undertaking a distant chance. Not merely, it means extra cost to construct the transmittal substructure but at the same clip a immense loss occurs during the transmittal ( it is estimated to be between 28 to 30 per centum ) . Another job is the seasonal fluctuation, where in winter the coevals is reduced due to shortage of H2O in the storages. However, hydro is still the most economical energy resource in Pakistan.3.9 OIL AND GASThere are considerable oil and gas militias in Pakistan. The rough oil militias are estimated at 27 billion barrels including 300 million barrels proved militias. The degree of production is soon 22.6 million barrels compared with the degree of ingestion of 100 million barrels. The natural gas militias are 8 trillion three-dimensional metres including the proved militias of 0.8 trillion three-dimensional metres. The degree of production is soon 93 million three-dimensional metres per twenty-four hours compared with the degree of ingestion of 82 million three-dimensional metres per twenty-four hours. The oil sector has all along been to a great extent dependent on imports of approximately 85 per centum of the national demand. Ann ually about 7.8 million metric tons of petroleum oil, 5.2 million metric tons of oil merchandises and 2.8 million metric tons of coal are being imported. The local production of oil and gas would get down worsening due to depletion of resources. There would besides be a shortage of gas unless considerable part is made from new finds. In instance the spread is non met through autochthonal supply, there will be need to import gas, and the needed substructure would hold to be placed in a timely mode.3.10 CoalPakistan ‘s coal resources are estimated at 185 billion metric tons ( 82,700 MTOE, or 2 per cent of the universe coal resources ) , out of which 95 per cent are in the Thar coal field in Sindh. This coal is of lignite rank holding high wet content and low warming value. So far merely 3.3 billion metric tons of coal resources are in the ‘measured ‘ class, and sing a recovery factor of 60 per cent, these correspond to some 2.0 billion metric tons of recoverable coal militias. However, this coal is tantamount to the combined oil militias of Saudi Arabia and Iran. As portion of the scheme of increasing local energy content, a major accent is being placed on working coal resources for large-scale usage in power coevals, and perchance for the production of coal bed methane.3.11 NUCLEAR ENERGYPakistan has two atomic power workss, Chashma-1 and Kanupp, with 300 MW and 125 MW severally, of installed capacity. The PAEC operates both atomic workss. Pakistan is presently working on a 3rd atomic power works ( Chashma-2 ) , with the aid of China National Nuclear Corporation. The works will hold 325 MW of installed capacity expected to be completed by 2012.INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATE ENERGYEnergy is one of the most of import issues for all authoritiess universe over. Developed provinces need energy to prolong their advanced manner of life and to provide to the every-changing demands of life dictated by engineering. Developing states need ener gy for it is the sine qua non for development. Alternative energy has been the most recent add-on to the academic and practical facets of the energy universe. The construct is relevant but its importance is absolute. Developed provinces have begun to pull off their energy sector in an progressively alternate energy based position and, this has a great lessons for a state like Pakistan which is draw a bead oning to develop into a healthy economic system with an improved quality of life for its citizens. The theory and usage of alternate energy is at the most introductory phase in Pakistan. However, in footings of resources and usage of surrogate energy, Pakistan stands good placed to use this fresh construct in the national policy model Alternate or renewable energy, beginnings show important promise in assisting to cut down the sum of toxins that are byproducts of energy usage. Not merely do they protect against harmful byproducts, but utilizing alternate energy helps to continue many of the natural resources that we presently use as beginnings of energy. The Alternate Energy Development Board ( AEDB ) has been established to ease development of renewable energy undertakings. At least 5 per cent of the entire electricity bring forthing capacity of the state is targeted to be based on these beginnings by the twelvemonth 2030. To understand how alternate energy usage can assist continue the delicate ecological balance of the planet, and assist us conserve the non-renewable energy beginnings like fossil fuels, it is of import to cognize what types of alternate energy can be brought into world in Pakistan. Renewable beginnings of energy like air current power, solar, geothermic energy, moving ridge and tidal power, biomass energy, H and fuel cells, every bit good as hydropower are options to fossil fuel and regarded as alternate beginnings of energy.3.12 WIND POWERWind power is one of the earliest signifiers of energy used by world. Windmills were used on farms in the early portion of the 20th century to pump H2O and generate electricity. Now considered an alternate energy beginning, air current power is being harnessed by modern windmills with lighter, stronger blades. In US provinces such as California, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Montana, up to several hundred windmills may run together in unfastened count ries with steady air currents. Single elephantine windmills capable of supplying electricity to several thousand places are besides runing in the United States. With new engineerings being developed to better windmill public presentation and efficiency, air current power is a promising, clean, inexpensive, and abundant beginning of energy for the hereafter. The air current power captured by turbines at is a beginning of energy that does non harm the environment. Wind energy harnesses the power of the air current to impel the blades of air current turbines. The rotary motion of turbine blades is converted into electrical current by agencies of an electrical generator. In the older windmills, wind energy was used to turn mechanical machinery to make physical work, like oppressing grain or pumping H2O. Wind towers are normally built together on air current farms. Now, electrical currents are harnessed by big graduated table air current farms that are used by national electrical grids every bit good as little single turbines used for supplying electricity to stray locations or single places. Wind power produces no pollution that can pollute the environment. Since no chemical procedures take topographic point, like in the combustion of fossil fuels, in air current power coevals, there are no harmful byproducts left over. Since air current coevals is a renewable beginning of energy, Pakistan will ne'er run out of it. Farming and graze can still take topographic point on land occupied by air current turbines which can assist in the production of bio-fuels. Wind farms can be built off-shore. Since 2001, planetary air current capacity has about doubled to 47,760 megawatts and is cheaper than natural gas even without subsidies ; on good sites, air current is even shuting in on coal. Pakistan has potencies of air current energy runing from 10000MW, yet power coevals through air current is in intiaial phases in Pakistnan and presently 06 MW has been installed in first stage in Jhampir through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly. More wind power workss will be built in Jhampir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim Karachi.3.13 SOLAR POWEREnergy from the Sun is a free, abundant, and nonpolluting beginning of energy. Solar power involves utilizing solar cells to change over sunshine into electricity, utilizing sunlight hitting solar thermic panels to change over sunshine to heat H2O or air. Pakistan has potency of more than 100,000 MW from solar energy. Buildinn of solar power workss is afoot in Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. However, private sellers are importing panels/solar H2O warmers for ingestion in the market. Alternative Energy Development Board ( AEDB ) is working for 20,000 solar H2O warmers in Gilgit Baltistan. Mobile companies have been asked by theh authorities to switch supply of energy to their transmittal towers from crude oil to solar energy panels.3.14 GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal energy harnesses the heat energy present underneath the Earth. Hot stones under the land heat H2O to bring forth steam. When holes are drilled in the part, the steam that shoots up is purified and is used to drive turbines, which power electric generators. If done right, geothermic energy produces no harmful byproducts. Once a geothermic works is build, it is by and large self-sufficing energy wise. Geothermal power workss are by and large little and have small consequence on the natural landscape. Geothermal energy is the natural heat generated in the inside of Earth and released from vents and hot springs or from geysers that shoot out het H2O and steam. Reservoirs of hot H2O and steam under Earth ‘s surface can be accessed by boring through the stone bed. The of course het H2O can be used to heat edifices, while the steam can be used to bring forth electricity. Steam can besides be produced by pumping cold H2O into stone that is heated by geothermic energy ; such steam is so used to bring forth electric power. Geothermal energy is an of import alternate energy beginning in countries of geothermic activity, including parts of the United States, Iceland, and Italy. Homes in Boise, Idaho, are heated utilizing geothermic energy, as are most edifices in Iceland. The Geysers in California is the largest steam field in the universe and has been used to bring forth electricity since 1960. Unlike solar energy and air current power, nevertheless, the usage of geothermic energy has an environmental impact. Chemicals in the steam contribute to air pollution, and H2O assorted with the steam contains dissolved salts that can eat pipes and injury aquatic ecosystems.3.15 TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGYThe rise and autumn of ocean tides contain tremendous sums of energy that can be captured to bring forth electricity. Tidal power cab be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by turn uping a H2O turbine in a tidal current. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that can so hive away en ergy until needed. Coastal tides are a beginning of clean, free, renewable, and sustainable energy. Plans are underway in Pakistan to tackle tidal energy, nevertheless, no execution has been made so far.3.16 AGRICULTURE BIOMASS/BIODIESELBiomass production involves utilizing refuse or other renewable resources such as sugar cane, maize or other flora to bring forth electricity. When refuse decomposes, methane is produced and captured in pipes and subsequently burned to bring forth electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned straight to bring forth energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to organize intoxicants. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy plans from biomass/biodiesel in the universe, followed by USA. Alternative Energy Development Board ( AEDB ) of Pakistann has planned to bring forth 10 MW of electricity from municipal waste in Karachi followed by similar undertakings in 20 metropoliss of state.

Natural Resources Essay Example

Natural Resources Essay Example Natural Resources Essay Natural Resources Essay Soil, wood, oil. minerals, petroleum, water are considered natural resources because they occur in their natural form and are not made by human beings. Humans can only modify natural resources. The energy that makes natural resources comes from geochemical, geophysical and solar energy. The exploitation of nature and natural resources can be dated back to the advent of humankind and the very start of civilization. Earlier people used to cut trees for fuel, for building materials for boats and for shelter. There are two kinds of natural esources- renewable and nonrenewable. Wood which is one of the main natural resources has the advantage of being renewable. Fish, animals and forests can renew themselves if they are not over- harvested. Forests can be replanted and, in time, the wood that was used can be replaced. However in recent times, we have been witnessing the cutting down of trees at alarming rates. In cities it is becoming, increasing difficult to see a green patch. If we do not replace these trees at the same speed as we are using them then very soon his resource will be expended. The cutting of trees also results in loss of ecosystems and soil erosion, and less rainfall. When fossil fuels were discovered they momentarily took the pressure off wood. First there was coal, then oil as in crude oil or petroleum and then later petrol and more recently natural gas. However unlike trees that are a renewable resource all these are non renewable. The reserves are finite and at some point in the future they will be depleted. We need to first conserve what we have left and to do that the call of the day is to use hese natural resources sparingly and responsibly. We must resort to the use of alternative forms of energy which will lessen the burden on our natural resources. There are various forms of alternative energy available. Light from the Sun also called as Solar Energy can be converted into electricity. This solar energy could be used to cook food. Wind power could also be used to generate electricity. Bio gas which is generated by the action of bacteria on packed kitchen waste without xygen could be used as an alternative to liquid petroleum gas. The need of the hour is to make alternative forms of energy easily available and viable to the consumer. nature, preservation of endangered species, keeping of biodiversity, and so on. Recently there have been increasing reports about research of ecosystem preservation using remote sensing or GIS (Geographic Information Systems) spatial analysis. Sustainable forestry could be achieved by correctly managing forest resources hrough replanting, conversation, and protection from fire, disease and pollution. We must all Join hands in our efforts to preserve our natural resources. Preservation cannot happen without conservation; hence we must all do our part in conserving. Instead of using individual cars to work we could use car pools, we could make an effort not to use our domestic appliances during peak hours, we could use public transport wherever possible and we could switch to alternative power use. We, each of us, can make preservation happen.

Independent Variable Definition and Examples

Independent Variable Definition and Examples The two main variables in a science experiment are the independent variable and the dependent variable. Heres the definition on independent variable and a look at how its used: Key Takeaways: Independent Variable The independent variable is the factor that you purposely change or control in order to see what effect it has.The variable that responds to the change in the independent variable is called the dependent variable. It depends on the independent variable.The independent variable is graphed on the x-axis. Independent Variable Definition An independent variable is defines as the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment. It represents the cause or reason for an outcome.Independent variables are the variables that the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable. A change in the independent variable directly causes a change in the dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable is measured and recorded. Common Misspellings: independant variable Independent Variable Examples A scientist is testing the effect of light and dark on the behavior of moths by turning a light on and off. The independent variable is the amount of light and the moths reaction is the dependent variable.In a study to determine the effect of temperature on plant pigmentation, the independent variable (cause) is the temperature, while the amount of pigment or color is the dependent variable (the effect). Graphing the Independent Variable When graphing data for an experiment, the independent variable is plotted on the x-axis, while the dependent variable is recorded on the y-axis. An easy way to keep the two variables straight is to use the acronym DRY MIX, which stands for: Dependent variable that Responds to change goes on the Y axisManipulated or Independent variable goes on the X axis Sources Dodge, Y. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms. OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9.Everitt, B. S. (2002). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics (2nd ed.). Cambridge UP. ISBN 0-521-81099-X.Gujarati, Damodar N.; Porter, Dawn C. (2009). Terminology and Notation. Basic Econometrics (5th international ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 21. ISBN 978-007-127625-2.

Aviation Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Aviation Law - Case Study Example A brief study of the various kinds of infringements of the rules and the supposed remedial measures or punishments for each help determine which rules Jack has infringed upon and understand the punishment he is liable for the same. Understanding of the severity of the infringements and a closer look at Jack's reasons and situations which have led to the supposed infringements by him help in a more detailed analysis and recommendations to Jack for facing the trial which would sure follow. Although the Jack has managed to avoid any serious accident or damage, it is still a case of serious infringement to a certain extent. Even the psychological conditions have to be taken into consideration as Jack had been awake all night and had been allowed to hire the aircraft without being strict in adherence to the rules before taking off. There exists provisions of the Air Navigation Order (ANO) with Regulations like The Rules of the Air Regulations, The Air Navigation (General) Regulations, the Air Navigation (Cosmic Radiation) (Keeping of Records) Regulations, the Air Navigation (Dangerous Goods) Regulations and a number of permanent Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) Regulations made under the Order. These Regulations are it also contains the provisions of the Civil Aviation Authority Regulations. These basic categories of regulations and their ... The organizational bodies and their regulations are considered in detail which helps to identify the list of probable infringements Jack could face. The different regulations by the ANO that are framed are all concerned with each detail of aviation transportation, both civil and military aviation. The basic need for organized way of conducting the activity and ensuring safety of man and machine is kept in mind to formulate these rules. The provisions for flying and the orders or rules for the aircraft include the rule for pilots to comply with Air Navigation Order, Air Navigation General Rules and Rules of the Air. The Rules of the Air Regulations of 1991 specifies the regulations based on the context for interpretation of the same. These are categorized into general, visual flight rules, instrument flight rules, aerodrome flight rules, special and general flight rules, visual and aural signals and lights and signals to be shown by the aircraft (Statutory Instrument, 2000). Further, the authorizations and documents required, emergency drills, local regulations and accident reporting are also laid down (Bowman, 2007). According to Articles 3 to 7 of ANO, an aircraft should be registered by CAA in the United Kingdom and contain the trademark of the aircraft and country. Articles 8 to 24 and 95 of CAA like Certificate of Maintenance Review, Equipment of aircraft, and Radio equipment of aircraft require that any aircraft be checked for flight conditions before and after flying. All pilots are required to comply with all the regulations of the provisions of the ANO. Articles 26 and 28 to 37 lay the rules for validation of licences, personal flying log book, the pilot's

Summerize articles Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summerize articles - Article Example Meanwhile, the article of Candice Wheeler, the ability of one to be able to comprehend and make things that has the beauty of color and the grace of lines are a gift; however, it is also true that even these gifts must actually confer to certain laws. In this case, decorative and applied art may be classified as one of the most important qualities of mankind, for it enables us to achieve endless sensual pleasures, and that it brings lofty satisfactions to men. In this case, applied art to decorative art is like child to man; wherein applied art subsumes itself with the laws of decorative art, but it transcends it by unifying thought and art with things that are useful to the everyday existence of man. The third article, written by H. Muthesius and H. van de Velde, focuses on the standardization of architecture. According to them, it is through the standardization of architecture where it will have universal significance. In this case, they outlined different points to illustrate why standardization in architecture is important. According to them, an unfailing good taste is actually brought about by standardization as understood in concentration. In addition, it is essential to have a universal high level of taste in order for their (German) works to have relevance abroad, and that the creation of a creative development is the most urgent task of their era. Speaking for the German association of artists, industrialists and merchants (Deutscher Werkbund), the authors emphasized that they are able to give meaningful exhibitions only when they are restricted to the best and most exemplary. The next article, written by Herman Muthesius, outlines the aims of the Deutscher Werkbund, the national association of artists, industrialists, and merchants in Germany. In this article, the author argues that it is important for their movement to undergo an artistic reform, a reform that focuses on improvement on the impression that their epoch consists that of a lack of cultur e. However, due to the funding of their movement, their works has already gained universal significance, which is an expression of their continued effort for cultural refinement and beauty. However, Muthesius also noted that their task does not end here, given that they must continue to refine their art and improve their technique. In addition, they must also strive to attain a high cultural achievement. Meanwhile, the article written by Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser talks about the evil of â€Å"shabby, mass produced goods,† especially in terms of how it has severely affected the way goods are made creatively. In this case, the authors actually argue that these errors will be corrected, in order for artists to regain a high degree of artistic creativity in their works. In this case, the author argues, that it is actually important to be able to establish an inner relationship between the public, the worker, and the designer; wherein guiding principles in their work would include utility, function, good proportions, and as well as the proper treatment of the respective materials used. In this case, they must not compete with cheap work, but rather set high artistic and creative

MARKETS AND THE ECONOMY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MARKETS AND THE ECONOMY - Assignment Example The factors explaining the increase in budget deficit stabilizers are outlined below: 1) As the economy goes into recession, corporate profits decrease leading to lower corporate tax revenues for the government. Due to lower demand in the economy, companies sell less and have higher cost pressures leading to lower profitability. 2) As corporate profit decrease, companies start firing employees leading to an increase in unemployment in the economy. This further leads to lower income tax revenues for the government. 3) As unemployment increases, the government has to make more payments for unemployment benefits and other welfare programs (transfer payments). These three factors automatically increase the government deficit during recession due to lower revenues and higher spending built into the system. 4) In order to spur demand in the economy, government can spend higher than usual. This spending could be through lowering taxes and/or increasing spending on new/existing projects. All the four factors combined mean that some of the effect of recession on households and companies is mitigated by government spending. Unemployed workers get state benefits and companies get opportunities to invest in new projects. The combined effect is that companies are encouraged to hire more workers to work on those projects thus reducing unemployment and people have more disposable income due to reduced taxes thus increasing consumption. Therefore, the increase in budget deficit during a recession helps stabilize the economy by bringing it back to the equilibrium operating level. Adjustments in wages and prices take the economy from the short-run equilibrium to the long-run equilibrium The price system and wages in the economy do not always change instantaneously. Changes in macro-economic factors like output, demand, supply, interest rates etc do not immediately bring about a change in price levels and wages. Thus, when one or more of the other macro-economic variables changes in the economy, prices and wages are slow to react to this change, therefore the economy comes to operate in a short-run equilibrium where prices and wages are yet to adjust to the other macroeconomic changes. Some of the reasons for this stickiness of prices and wages include contracts for fixed duration like labor union contract for wages fixed for a year, or even market competition prohibiting firms from increasing prices suddenly. However, as time goes (in the long-run), wages contracts get re-negotiated depending on earlier changes in demand and supply, inflation, and other factors. This change in wages leads to change in cost structure of firms and price changes then become necessary. For example, if the labor union re-negotiates to higher wages, the firm must increase its prices in order cover the increased cost of labor. As these adjustments in wages and prices take place, the movements of wages and prices determines the output of the economy. For example, if the firms find it less profitable to produce more, the will reduce their output and the GDP will contract and vice versa. Thus, adjustments in wages and prices take the economy from short-run equilibrium to long-run equilibrium. This is to say that if the prices and wages had changed immediately following a change in the other macroeconomic factors, the long-run equilibrium output would have been seen in the short-run. However, as prices and wages are sticky and adjust to the changes slowly, the economy first settles on a short-run equilibrium where other factors have changed but prices and wages have not and eventually the adjustments in price and wages takes the economy from t

Effect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young People

Effect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young People The Nature of Domestic Violence Domestic violence has been defined as: a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault, to rape and even homicide. The vast majority of such violence, and the most severe and chronic incidents, are perpetrated by men against women and their children. (Department of Health [DoH] 2000) In most cases the violence is against women by their partners or spouse and affects children belonging to one or both of them. Children can become victims of domestic violence either through being directly targeted or witnessing scenes of domestic violence between parents and their partners. At least 750,000 children a year witness violence within the home, and nearly three quarters of children on child protection registers live in households where domestic violence occurs. (Dept. of Health, 2003). Abuse and violence may be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual, and may be constant or spasmodic. Yet domestic violence is experienced by individuals from every class, race, religion and culture the world over (British Medical Association [BMA] 1999). While severe cases of domestic violence can often lead to women being hospitalised, others remain undetectable to the public eye, leaving women who live in constant fear of their partner or spouse, trying to avoid degradation. A study by Mayhew found that psychological and emotional abuse might be constant whilst the physical violence is intermittent (Mayhew et al 1996). For the child or young person this becomes a way of life one without stability or security and this can lead to behavioural problems and even crime. The focus of this dissertation is on the impact of domestic violence on the lives of children and young people. Research took place in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of London. The main body of research is secondary, from journals, books, and internet sources. The primary research is in the form of 2 sets of questionnaires handed out to 40people. The first questionnaire uses a design based on a survey done by Doctors from the University of Arizona, which has already proven tube successful and reliable. The questionnaire consists of four questions: Have you ever been in a relationship with someone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to hurt you? CURRENTLY? When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you? Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down? (Wahl et al 2004: 25). The questionnaire was carried out on a random sample of the public. 20were handed to people outside Fulham Broadway tube station during rush-hour. People were only given the form if they said they had children, and were asked to fill it in on their way home from work or when they got back, and were given an sae. This method was chosen for reasons of personal safety as opposed to going round door to door. If the respondent answered yes to all questions then they were said to have suffered a prolonged period of domestic violence. In order to investigate the effects of domestic violence on adolescents questionnaire was devised for teenagers (see Appendix 1) and 20 were handed out at a youth centre in Hammersmith to be filled out anonymously. The forms were then collected at the end of the day. The second section of primary research was designed to be more specific. It was decided to approach an association specifically setup for women who have suffered domestic violence, which is actively involved in policy work in the UK. The chairwoman was approached and asked whether she could arrange for a sample preferably those with family in a black community who would consider completing questionnaire for a research study on domestic violence and its effects on young people and children. The chairwoman gave the researcher four names and email addresses of people who were willing to be contacted. However, the respondents and the association were to remain anonymous for reasons of confidentiality and security. The respondents used pseudonyms for their responses. As the sample was small, yet relevant, it was decided to use a more lengthy questionnaire, and interview the four subjects in more depth about their experience. Aside from the emotional effects, questions were designed to explore how domestic violence can be detrimental to learning and health. (see Appendix 2). Organisations and Government Policy There are many voluntary organisations such as Shelter, which provide counselling and places of refuge for women and children suffering domestic violence. Beneath are listed other services in the Hammersmith and Fulham area: Refuge provides a Freephone 24-hour National Domestic Violence Helpline Community efforts, such as the ‘Peace Week.’ The protection from Harassment Act 1997 Prosecutions from the Criminal Justice Act 1998 where the victim need not appear in court, but her statement used instead. Developing police strategy for collecting evidence at the scene (Home Office 2000). What happens to children in cases of Domestic Violence? The aftermath of domestic problems can be as damaging as the incidents or episodes themselves. Children can be present during an arrest of apparent, witness a parent breaking restraining orders and their reactions to court decisions. In these situations children can be used as pawns or in worst cases even be taken as hostages. (Devote and Smith, 2002 ). In a qualitative study on the effects of domestic violence on children, McGees (2000) study, along with other research, revealed that: Children do not have to experience physical abuse to experience long-term negative effects of living where extreme controlling behaviour and abuse are the norm. In order to protect themselves, children may take the father’s side in an argument, and may themselves be abusive to their mother (Kelly 1996). Children regularly experience a sense of total powerlessness, wishing they could assist their mother, which may produce harm to their long-term emotional wellbeing. This may later cause revenge fantasies, but at the time often leads them to have an overpowering need to stay in the room. (Shipway 2004: 116). It is not unusual for the child or young person to blame themselves for what is happening to their mother, particularly as the partner may have used their behaviour as a reason for losing his temper. (Ibid). Young people sometimes fear social services will remove them from the home if it is known violence and abuse exists. Gaudi (2001:27) provided evidence confirming that two-thirds of the residents in refuges are children. However, this does not account for the hundreds who are afraid to report violence. The threat of leaving their family home, however unstable, is often not well received by children, and many would rather put up with domestic violence than remove themselves from it. Domestic Violence in the Black community Domestic violence in the black community has been recognised as being less likely to be reported mainly because women and young people do not wish to threaten the stability of their position within their community. Women from African Caribbean communities are less likely to report their experiences and therefore they experience prolonged abuse over a long, or sometimes indeterminate, time frame. One of the critical debates concerning domestic violence is the idea of ‘getting used’ to a way of being treated and thus for it to become the norm within family life. An article written by a survivor of domestic violence said of her early years in Jamaica: ‘in my experience it was commonplace to hear of or even witness women/men being beaten by their spouses or partners in public view.’ (Unknown author.http://www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.). She comments of violence in the UK, saying that ‘particularly within the Black community, the fighting may not overspill onto the streets but it does occur, behind closed doors.’ Black communities in London are well established and people living within them rely on the social structure of their area. The idea of leaving the area to live in a refuge where they might not understand English speaking people so well is an intimidating prospect for many. Thus, some women who do not speak English might delay seeking help, finding the language a barrier between them and British speaking organisations. Interpreters can be used, but involving a third partying a woman’s private life can be an off-putting idea. Furthermore, religious or cultural beliefs might forbid divorce, and religious community leaders mostly being men, only some speak out about domestic violence. In the case of migrant women and children who suffer domestic abuse there often is the threat of not being able to stay in the UK if they separate from their partner. An even greater threat is that the partner might abduct the children and take them abroad. (GreenwichMulti-Agency Domestic Violence Forum. 2003). One of the most powerful psychological effects of domestic violence, physical or verbal, is the victim’s distorted perspective of their abuser. Often women will make excuses for the person who attacks them blaming it on themselves or on drink or drugs or other stresses within their relationship. This comes with an inability to prioritise their personal safety and wellbeing, and that of their children, believing that the emotional attachment between the family members might be enough to overcome the presence of violence. Consequently, the effects of the mother’s decision to remain within the abusive relationship means that the child remains continually at risk from psychological and physical hurt. The effects of exposure to violence in the home are extensive and not always immediately evident. For the individual exposure to domestic violence can precipitate personality disorders, addictive disorders, substance abuse, and even physical disorders. And as studies have shown, many violent individuals have themselves been victims of domestic violence and abuse, unable to break out of the cycle. Children and adolescents with violent parent(s) are without the presence of a mentor on which to model their behaviour. This can lead to further social problems such as an inability to integrate with peers. A young person who has experienced the insecurity of a violent home life might seek security in other forms such as substance abuse, and gangs and gang violence. Statistics The Home Office survey 2004 reported on a questionnaire used by the2001 British Crime Survey. It asked a nationally representative sample of 22,463 women and men aged between 16 and 59 whether they had been subject to domestic violence during their lifetime and during the preceding year. For relevance to this dissertation the following graphs were selected from the survey: Source: Home Office Survey 2004: 12. The survey surmised that since the age of 16 45% of women and 26%of men were subject to domestic violence at least once in their lifetime. (Home Office 2004: 8). Of these 18.6% were subject to force, meaning pushing, shoving, or physical harm. The British Crime Survey estimated that 13% of women and 9% of men had been subject to domestic violence in the 12 months prior to interview. (p.8). Furthermore, 12.9 million incidents of domestic violence acts had occurred against women in that year. Violence against children In 90% of cases of domestic violence children are in the same room or the next room.(Hughes 1998) In 40% 60% of cases of domestic violence child abuse is also occurring ( Stark Flit craft 1998) The NCH study found 75% of mothers said their children had witnessed domestic violence, 33% had seen their mothers beaten up, 10%had witnessed sexual violence (NCH, 1994). (http://www.womens-aid.org.uk/statistics.php). Immediate effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Young People A report by the Department of Health concluded that: For many women and their families the effects of domestic violence will be catastrophic, the damage to their physical and psychological wellbeing may be deeply damaging, and on occasions fatal. (Department of Health [DoH] 2000: 12) Victimisation by a parent of a child or young person can lead to the individual becoming so controlled and inhibited that they are unable to make even the simplest decision or act without permission, responding with complete obedience to every order given and every rule imposed. Abuse can encumber every part of their life, leading in cases to suicide seeming like the only escape. Some people express their self-disgust and powerlessness through alcohol or drug abuse, or self-mutilation, exhibiting signs of severe depression and complete dependency on the abuser.(Shipway 2004: 1). Because of the variety of forms which domestic violence can take its difficult for research to cover all areas. For example, there can be negative effects from being an observer. Research by Fantuzzo and Mohr noted this and thus instead of using the term ‘victim’ used ‘exposure.’ This was used in the context of the experience of watching or hearing domestic violence; being directly involved; calling police; and the experience of the aftermath of scenes which might include seeing injuries or bruising on a parent and observing maternal depression. (Fantuzzo and Mohr 1999: 22). Work by Hester et al found that childrens responses differ among members of the same family who are witnessing or experiencing the same abuse. They also said that it is hard to discern the impacts of living with domestic violence on children, because some of the consequent behaviours also occur in children experiencing other forms of abuse and neglect. (Hester et al. 2000:44) The following is a list of negative effects taken from Shipway 2004: 117): Secrecy Confusion Fear Mistrustful Blaming themselves Nightmares In addition Hester et al. (2000:44) found that whilst some children have poor social skills others attain a high level of social skills development with an ability to negotiate difficult situations. Child’s ability to cope with abuse should never be underestimated; neither should the childs attachment to the abusive parent which, for some, may continue to be strong. (Ibid). Children’s responses to witnessing domestic violence will depend on age, race, class, sex, stage of development, and the support of others.(Women’s Aid). Children may feel angry at their mother or father for not protecting them, as well as blaming them for causing the violence. Others may be so concerned about their mothers distress that they keep private their own grief (Saunders, 1995. From Women’s Aid). Long Term effects Research by Fantuzzo and Mohr concluded that children who live in violent households are at greater risk of being maladjusted. (Fantuzzoand Mohr 1999: 22.) Some of these problems include: Behaviour Modelling In very young children through to adolescent age, behaviour is often modelled on people who the individual spends significant time with. Piaget in his 1972 publication noted that children’s play behaviour involves modelling on those around them, and eventually to reproducing that behaviour at any given time or place . As children grow up the parent figure becomes a role-model and if an abusive relationship exists then this trust is taken away. In study conducted by American researchers on aggression and violence in adolescent boys, 15 interviewees were asked questions which sought to identify areas for improvement concerning intervention and prevention. Participants disclosed that their aggressive responses to provocation were frequently modelled on responses that they had seen exhibited bothers, particularly those observed among immediate and extended family members. For example, a respondent called Dan said the following about his father: He gets mad too quickly. Hell get aggravated and hell just explode and thats when the fights start. Well argue and then Ill get mad and tell him some stuff and then hell get mad and just start yelling and then like one of us will go after the other, and then were fighting so my mother will try to break it up or call the police. (Ballot et al 2002: 221). Not all interviewees connected their behaviour with their families, however, there were many family interactions which involved aggression and domestic violence. It is perhaps the impact of what children witness that remains with them and encourages them to learn negative behavioural responses more quickly. As Brian explained, When I was younger, I didnt have a very organized family at all, so I looked towards the people on the streets. Thats when it gets you in trouble. Social Integration The abused childs unstable, often dangerous, home environment is likely to limit the childs development of social skills, self-confidence, and experience of positive interactions (Herrenkohl etal., 1995). Taken from Cooper 1999: 10). Children who grow up in a violent, unpredictable family have a `world view in which potential threat is constantly present. The child’s ability to play and integrate with others is severely impaired as they are, if you like, watching their back in case of attack. Play is an important medium of self-expression for the young child, especially during the preschool years when language is still developing. It is the way in which children explore the world around them and learn to recognise and understand objects and people. Because play is sensitive to environmental conditions, the childs physical and social environment will either support or limit his or her play opportunities. Unfortunately, when a child is exposed to a chronically violent, abusive, or neglectful home environment, his or her opportunities for play development and play experiences are severely disrupted. (Cooper 1999:10). The physically abused or neglected child is more likely to show delayed language, cognitive, and motor development, and as a consequence, delayed play skills (Ibid). Cooper suggests that the preschool child will internalise the experience of domestic violence, and may view himself or herself as the cause. As a result, the preschool child may act in destructive ways, such as deliberately destroying other childrens games or toys, in order to attract negative attention. (Ibid). A 1989 study by Fagot et al found physically abused preschool children’s free play with peers to be more disruptive, aggressive, and antisocial than the play of other, non-abused children. (Ibid). Fantuzzo found that aggressive play behaviour, and a lack of empathy with fellow children, is likely to further isolate and prevent the abused child from learning appropriate social skills (Davis Fantuzzo, 1989: 227-248). Structure Children living in a dysfunctional family unit where violence occurs will often experience a lack of structure and organisation to their daily lives. The study by Ballot et al found that the boys ‘felt safe ‘in the institution as they had a chance to lead ‘orderly, less chaotic lives than the ones they experienced in their homes and on the streets.’ (Ballot et al 2002: 17). Every child will cope with exposure to domestic violence in their own unique way. Indeed, many children might at first not appear to have been adversely affected. It is only later, or in certain situations that their inner emotional state might be revealed. Indeed, although there is a varying number of possible negative health and social outcomes for children who have lived in an abusive home, not all children manifest these characteristics in their later life. The young mind can be resilient and adaptable: It is important to remember that some children remain perfectly well-adjusted despite living with abuse and that a majority survive within on clinical or normal levels of functioning. (Millender and Morley1994:4) Results from Primary Research Of the 20 questionnaires handed out to a random sample of respondents, who were asked only to fill out and return the form if they had children. 8 were returned. The results are set out below: 1. Have you ever been in a relationship with someone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to hurt you? 2. CURRENTLY? 3. When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you? 4. Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down? 7 out of 8 women said they had been in a relationship where they were threatened or hurt 3 out of 8 women said they were currently in a violent relationship 6 women who said they had been abused while pregnant, which implies that their children could have been born into a domestically violent household. 6 out of 8 women said they were in an emotionally abusive relationship These statistics for the Fulham area are quite high. Nearly half of respondents said they had experienced prolonged domestic abuse. It would be useful to conduct a further study on another random sample to see if the two sets of results would correlate. Because under half the sample returned the questionnaires it cannot be said to be representative sample of the Fulham area. Nonetheless the findings do give a surprising insight into the lives of black women in London, showing that abuse, in any form, is a regular occurrence in some people’s lives. Furthermore, because these respondents had children it’s likely that their children have witnessed domestic violence. Future research might look into establishing a comparison study on 20 women who do not have children in an attempt to see whether more cases of abuse occur within relationships where children are present. Questionnaire on teenagers Of the 20 forms which were filled in 9 respondents said they had been involved in or witnessed cases of domestic violence in their lifetime. 1. Have you ever been involved in or witnessed scenes of domestic violence in your family? Was this age 1-5/6-14/15-present? Or all of the above? 2. Were these scenes between your parents/partners? Did they ever directly involve you? Yes: 4 No: 5 3. Were you ever physically hurt during these episodes? Yes: 3 No: 6 4. Were you verbally abused during these episodes? Yes: 9 No: 0 5. How did your experience affect your daily life: 1. Made you shy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 2. Made you sad†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 3. Made you angry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 4. Made you aggressive towards others†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 6. Do you believe your experience to have been detrimental to your ability to enjoy and participate in school? 1. Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 2. No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 2 out of 9 respondents said they had witnessed or experienced domestic abuse throughout their lives. Just under half of respondents said that they were directly involved in scenes of domestic violence and all respondents said they were verbally abused. The highest percentage(100%) said they had felt sad, while just under half felt aggressive towards other people. Interviews The four cases of domestic violence all revealed the problem of domestic violence to be one associated with isolation and taking place within the privacy of the home. All respondents admitted that they believed domestic violence to have negatively affected their children. Particularly poignant were the accounts of children becoming withdrawn, another aggressive, and another blaming her mother. All these findings are consistent with the secondary research presented in the first section of this dissertation. The interviews provided a surprisingly good response. Some people might be reluctant to admit to the presence of violence in their domestic life, especially if it involves their children, in fear of admitting that they are (directly, or indirectly) causing their child to be unhappy. However, all four respondents answered openly and honestly about their experiences. Conclusion This dissertation has looked into a cross section of the population in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of London. Teenagers and women who were known to have experienced abuse were asked questions about their experiences and both reported feelings of sadness and aggression. Random sample of women with children also revealed that nearly half of the population had experienced a domestic violence act of some kind in their lives. The findings were consistent with the secondary research, such as the study by Piaget 1972, and Cooper 1999, both of which found that young children had difficulty in play activities and social integration, both at pre-school and primary level. The study by Ballonet al on aggressive teenagers also correlated with the responses from the questionnaires handed out at the youth centre. It is not possible to say that there are more domestic violence cases in black communities or that they are caused by demographic and stress factors. A study by Richardson et al on the prevalence of domestic violence against women looked for a correlation between demographic factors and domestic violence. They concluded that black women were least likely to have ever experienced domestic violence compared to their white female counterparts.(Richardson et al 2002:274). The interview with the British mother found that the violence she had experienced was mostly verbal and did not involve physical force directed at her. Out of the four women she was the only one still tube with her husband with whom she had fought with. This is not consistent with the secondary research presented at the beginning which suggested that more black women stayed with their spouses in fear of what might happen if they left. Future research might explore the marital status of black women in the Hammersmith and Fulham area and the stability of the family unit. Interviews with more than one member of a family might also be useful in order to gain a different perspective on the same incidents. To conclude, domestic violence appears to have a negative impact on children and young people. Initial responses might be guilt, fear, sleeplessness and a desire to protect their mother. In pre-schoolchildren the learning ability and playfulness is often damaged by the experience of domestic violence. In children of all ages research has shown that behaviour is modelled on what they see around them, and this can lead to anti-social behaviour to peers and strangers. Longer-term effects include an inability to trust other people, withdrawing from social situations, depression, and in worse cases aggression on the streets, and drug and alcohol abuse. Effect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young People Effect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young People The Nature of Domestic Violence Domestic violence has been defined as: a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault, to rape and even homicide. The vast majority of such violence, and the most severe and chronic incidents, are perpetrated by men against women and their children. (Department of Health [DoH] 2000) In most cases the violence is against women by their partners or spouse and affects children belonging to one or both of them. Children can become victims of domestic violence either through being directly targeted or witnessing scenes of domestic violence between parents and their partners. At least 750,000 children a year witness violence within the home, and nearly three quarters of children on child protection registers live in households where domestic violence occurs. (Dept. of Health, 2003). Abuse and violence may be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual, and may be constant or spasmodic. Yet domestic violence is experienced by individuals from every class, race, religion and culture the world over (British Medical Association [BMA] 1999). While severe cases of domestic violence can often lead to women being hospitalised, others remain undetectable to the public eye, leaving women who live in constant fear of their partner or spouse, trying to avoid degradation. A study by Mayhew found that psychological and emotional abuse might be constant whilst the physical violence is intermittent (Mayhew et al 1996). For the child or young person this becomes a way of life one without stability or security and this can lead to behavioural problems and even crime. The focus of this dissertation is on the impact of domestic violence on the lives of children and young people. Research took place in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of London. The main body of research is secondary, from journals, books, and internet sources. The primary research is in the form of 2 sets of questionnaires handed out to 40people. The first questionnaire uses a design based on a survey done by Doctors from the University of Arizona, which has already proven tube successful and reliable. The questionnaire consists of four questions: Have you ever been in a relationship with someone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to hurt you? CURRENTLY? When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you? Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down? (Wahl et al 2004: 25). The questionnaire was carried out on a random sample of the public. 20were handed to people outside Fulham Broadway tube station during rush-hour. People were only given the form if they said they had children, and were asked to fill it in on their way home from work or when they got back, and were given an sae. This method was chosen for reasons of personal safety as opposed to going round door to door. If the respondent answered yes to all questions then they were said to have suffered a prolonged period of domestic violence. In order to investigate the effects of domestic violence on adolescents questionnaire was devised for teenagers (see Appendix 1) and 20 were handed out at a youth centre in Hammersmith to be filled out anonymously. The forms were then collected at the end of the day. The second section of primary research was designed to be more specific. It was decided to approach an association specifically setup for women who have suffered domestic violence, which is actively involved in policy work in the UK. The chairwoman was approached and asked whether she could arrange for a sample preferably those with family in a black community who would consider completing questionnaire for a research study on domestic violence and its effects on young people and children. The chairwoman gave the researcher four names and email addresses of people who were willing to be contacted. However, the respondents and the association were to remain anonymous for reasons of confidentiality and security. The respondents used pseudonyms for their responses. As the sample was small, yet relevant, it was decided to use a more lengthy questionnaire, and interview the four subjects in more depth about their experience. Aside from the emotional effects, questions were designed to explore how domestic violence can be detrimental to learning and health. (see Appendix 2). Organisations and Government Policy There are many voluntary organisations such as Shelter, which provide counselling and places of refuge for women and children suffering domestic violence. Beneath are listed other services in the Hammersmith and Fulham area: Refuge provides a Freephone 24-hour National Domestic Violence Helpline Community efforts, such as the ‘Peace Week.’ The protection from Harassment Act 1997 Prosecutions from the Criminal Justice Act 1998 where the victim need not appear in court, but her statement used instead. Developing police strategy for collecting evidence at the scene (Home Office 2000). What happens to children in cases of Domestic Violence? The aftermath of domestic problems can be as damaging as the incidents or episodes themselves. Children can be present during an arrest of apparent, witness a parent breaking restraining orders and their reactions to court decisions. In these situations children can be used as pawns or in worst cases even be taken as hostages. (Devote and Smith, 2002 ). In a qualitative study on the effects of domestic violence on children, McGees (2000) study, along with other research, revealed that: Children do not have to experience physical abuse to experience long-term negative effects of living where extreme controlling behaviour and abuse are the norm. In order to protect themselves, children may take the father’s side in an argument, and may themselves be abusive to their mother (Kelly 1996). Children regularly experience a sense of total powerlessness, wishing they could assist their mother, which may produce harm to their long-term emotional wellbeing. This may later cause revenge fantasies, but at the time often leads them to have an overpowering need to stay in the room. (Shipway 2004: 116). It is not unusual for the child or young person to blame themselves for what is happening to their mother, particularly as the partner may have used their behaviour as a reason for losing his temper. (Ibid). Young people sometimes fear social services will remove them from the home if it is known violence and abuse exists. Gaudi (2001:27) provided evidence confirming that two-thirds of the residents in refuges are children. However, this does not account for the hundreds who are afraid to report violence. The threat of leaving their family home, however unstable, is often not well received by children, and many would rather put up with domestic violence than remove themselves from it. Domestic Violence in the Black community Domestic violence in the black community has been recognised as being less likely to be reported mainly because women and young people do not wish to threaten the stability of their position within their community. Women from African Caribbean communities are less likely to report their experiences and therefore they experience prolonged abuse over a long, or sometimes indeterminate, time frame. One of the critical debates concerning domestic violence is the idea of ‘getting used’ to a way of being treated and thus for it to become the norm within family life. An article written by a survivor of domestic violence said of her early years in Jamaica: ‘in my experience it was commonplace to hear of or even witness women/men being beaten by their spouses or partners in public view.’ (Unknown author.http://www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.). She comments of violence in the UK, saying that ‘particularly within the Black community, the fighting may not overspill onto the streets but it does occur, behind closed doors.’ Black communities in London are well established and people living within them rely on the social structure of their area. The idea of leaving the area to live in a refuge where they might not understand English speaking people so well is an intimidating prospect for many. Thus, some women who do not speak English might delay seeking help, finding the language a barrier between them and British speaking organisations. Interpreters can be used, but involving a third partying a woman’s private life can be an off-putting idea. Furthermore, religious or cultural beliefs might forbid divorce, and religious community leaders mostly being men, only some speak out about domestic violence. In the case of migrant women and children who suffer domestic abuse there often is the threat of not being able to stay in the UK if they separate from their partner. An even greater threat is that the partner might abduct the children and take them abroad. (GreenwichMulti-Agency Domestic Violence Forum. 2003). One of the most powerful psychological effects of domestic violence, physical or verbal, is the victim’s distorted perspective of their abuser. Often women will make excuses for the person who attacks them blaming it on themselves or on drink or drugs or other stresses within their relationship. This comes with an inability to prioritise their personal safety and wellbeing, and that of their children, believing that the emotional attachment between the family members might be enough to overcome the presence of violence. Consequently, the effects of the mother’s decision to remain within the abusive relationship means that the child remains continually at risk from psychological and physical hurt. The effects of exposure to violence in the home are extensive and not always immediately evident. For the individual exposure to domestic violence can precipitate personality disorders, addictive disorders, substance abuse, and even physical disorders. And as studies have shown, many violent individuals have themselves been victims of domestic violence and abuse, unable to break out of the cycle. Children and adolescents with violent parent(s) are without the presence of a mentor on which to model their behaviour. This can lead to further social problems such as an inability to integrate with peers. A young person who has experienced the insecurity of a violent home life might seek security in other forms such as substance abuse, and gangs and gang violence. Statistics The Home Office survey 2004 reported on a questionnaire used by the2001 British Crime Survey. It asked a nationally representative sample of 22,463 women and men aged between 16 and 59 whether they had been subject to domestic violence during their lifetime and during the preceding year. For relevance to this dissertation the following graphs were selected from the survey: Source: Home Office Survey 2004: 12. The survey surmised that since the age of 16 45% of women and 26%of men were subject to domestic violence at least once in their lifetime. (Home Office 2004: 8). Of these 18.6% were subject to force, meaning pushing, shoving, or physical harm. The British Crime Survey estimated that 13% of women and 9% of men had been subject to domestic violence in the 12 months prior to interview. (p.8). Furthermore, 12.9 million incidents of domestic violence acts had occurred against women in that year. Violence against children In 90% of cases of domestic violence children are in the same room or the next room.(Hughes 1998) In 40% 60% of cases of domestic violence child abuse is also occurring ( Stark Flit craft 1998) The NCH study found 75% of mothers said their children had witnessed domestic violence, 33% had seen their mothers beaten up, 10%had witnessed sexual violence (NCH, 1994). (http://www.womens-aid.org.uk/statistics.php). Immediate effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Young People A report by the Department of Health concluded that: For many women and their families the effects of domestic violence will be catastrophic, the damage to their physical and psychological wellbeing may be deeply damaging, and on occasions fatal. (Department of Health [DoH] 2000: 12) Victimisation by a parent of a child or young person can lead to the individual becoming so controlled and inhibited that they are unable to make even the simplest decision or act without permission, responding with complete obedience to every order given and every rule imposed. Abuse can encumber every part of their life, leading in cases to suicide seeming like the only escape. Some people express their self-disgust and powerlessness through alcohol or drug abuse, or self-mutilation, exhibiting signs of severe depression and complete dependency on the abuser.(Shipway 2004: 1). Because of the variety of forms which domestic violence can take its difficult for research to cover all areas. For example, there can be negative effects from being an observer. Research by Fantuzzo and Mohr noted this and thus instead of using the term ‘victim’ used ‘exposure.’ This was used in the context of the experience of watching or hearing domestic violence; being directly involved; calling police; and the experience of the aftermath of scenes which might include seeing injuries or bruising on a parent and observing maternal depression. (Fantuzzo and Mohr 1999: 22). Work by Hester et al found that childrens responses differ among members of the same family who are witnessing or experiencing the same abuse. They also said that it is hard to discern the impacts of living with domestic violence on children, because some of the consequent behaviours also occur in children experiencing other forms of abuse and neglect. (Hester et al. 2000:44) The following is a list of negative effects taken from Shipway 2004: 117): Secrecy Confusion Fear Mistrustful Blaming themselves Nightmares In addition Hester et al. (2000:44) found that whilst some children have poor social skills others attain a high level of social skills development with an ability to negotiate difficult situations. Child’s ability to cope with abuse should never be underestimated; neither should the childs attachment to the abusive parent which, for some, may continue to be strong. (Ibid). Children’s responses to witnessing domestic violence will depend on age, race, class, sex, stage of development, and the support of others.(Women’s Aid). Children may feel angry at their mother or father for not protecting them, as well as blaming them for causing the violence. Others may be so concerned about their mothers distress that they keep private their own grief (Saunders, 1995. From Women’s Aid). Long Term effects Research by Fantuzzo and Mohr concluded that children who live in violent households are at greater risk of being maladjusted. (Fantuzzoand Mohr 1999: 22.) Some of these problems include: Behaviour Modelling In very young children through to adolescent age, behaviour is often modelled on people who the individual spends significant time with. Piaget in his 1972 publication noted that children’s play behaviour involves modelling on those around them, and eventually to reproducing that behaviour at any given time or place . As children grow up the parent figure becomes a role-model and if an abusive relationship exists then this trust is taken away. In study conducted by American researchers on aggression and violence in adolescent boys, 15 interviewees were asked questions which sought to identify areas for improvement concerning intervention and prevention. Participants disclosed that their aggressive responses to provocation were frequently modelled on responses that they had seen exhibited bothers, particularly those observed among immediate and extended family members. For example, a respondent called Dan said the following about his father: He gets mad too quickly. Hell get aggravated and hell just explode and thats when the fights start. Well argue and then Ill get mad and tell him some stuff and then hell get mad and just start yelling and then like one of us will go after the other, and then were fighting so my mother will try to break it up or call the police. (Ballot et al 2002: 221). Not all interviewees connected their behaviour with their families, however, there were many family interactions which involved aggression and domestic violence. It is perhaps the impact of what children witness that remains with them and encourages them to learn negative behavioural responses more quickly. As Brian explained, When I was younger, I didnt have a very organized family at all, so I looked towards the people on the streets. Thats when it gets you in trouble. Social Integration The abused childs unstable, often dangerous, home environment is likely to limit the childs development of social skills, self-confidence, and experience of positive interactions (Herrenkohl etal., 1995). Taken from Cooper 1999: 10). Children who grow up in a violent, unpredictable family have a `world view in which potential threat is constantly present. The child’s ability to play and integrate with others is severely impaired as they are, if you like, watching their back in case of attack. Play is an important medium of self-expression for the young child, especially during the preschool years when language is still developing. It is the way in which children explore the world around them and learn to recognise and understand objects and people. Because play is sensitive to environmental conditions, the childs physical and social environment will either support or limit his or her play opportunities. Unfortunately, when a child is exposed to a chronically violent, abusive, or neglectful home environment, his or her opportunities for play development and play experiences are severely disrupted. (Cooper 1999:10). The physically abused or neglected child is more likely to show delayed language, cognitive, and motor development, and as a consequence, delayed play skills (Ibid). Cooper suggests that the preschool child will internalise the experience of domestic violence, and may view himself or herself as the cause. As a result, the preschool child may act in destructive ways, such as deliberately destroying other childrens games or toys, in order to attract negative attention. (Ibid). A 1989 study by Fagot et al found physically abused preschool children’s free play with peers to be more disruptive, aggressive, and antisocial than the play of other, non-abused children. (Ibid). Fantuzzo found that aggressive play behaviour, and a lack of empathy with fellow children, is likely to further isolate and prevent the abused child from learning appropriate social skills (Davis Fantuzzo, 1989: 227-248). Structure Children living in a dysfunctional family unit where violence occurs will often experience a lack of structure and organisation to their daily lives. The study by Ballot et al found that the boys ‘felt safe ‘in the institution as they had a chance to lead ‘orderly, less chaotic lives than the ones they experienced in their homes and on the streets.’ (Ballot et al 2002: 17). Every child will cope with exposure to domestic violence in their own unique way. Indeed, many children might at first not appear to have been adversely affected. It is only later, or in certain situations that their inner emotional state might be revealed. Indeed, although there is a varying number of possible negative health and social outcomes for children who have lived in an abusive home, not all children manifest these characteristics in their later life. The young mind can be resilient and adaptable: It is important to remember that some children remain perfectly well-adjusted despite living with abuse and that a majority survive within on clinical or normal levels of functioning. (Millender and Morley1994:4) Results from Primary Research Of the 20 questionnaires handed out to a random sample of respondents, who were asked only to fill out and return the form if they had children. 8 were returned. The results are set out below: 1. Have you ever been in a relationship with someone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to hurt you? 2. CURRENTLY? 3. When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you? 4. Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down? 7 out of 8 women said they had been in a relationship where they were threatened or hurt 3 out of 8 women said they were currently in a violent relationship 6 women who said they had been abused while pregnant, which implies that their children could have been born into a domestically violent household. 6 out of 8 women said they were in an emotionally abusive relationship These statistics for the Fulham area are quite high. Nearly half of respondents said they had experienced prolonged domestic abuse. It would be useful to conduct a further study on another random sample to see if the two sets of results would correlate. Because under half the sample returned the questionnaires it cannot be said to be representative sample of the Fulham area. Nonetheless the findings do give a surprising insight into the lives of black women in London, showing that abuse, in any form, is a regular occurrence in some people’s lives. Furthermore, because these respondents had children it’s likely that their children have witnessed domestic violence. Future research might look into establishing a comparison study on 20 women who do not have children in an attempt to see whether more cases of abuse occur within relationships where children are present. Questionnaire on teenagers Of the 20 forms which were filled in 9 respondents said they had been involved in or witnessed cases of domestic violence in their lifetime. 1. Have you ever been involved in or witnessed scenes of domestic violence in your family? Was this age 1-5/6-14/15-present? Or all of the above? 2. Were these scenes between your parents/partners? Did they ever directly involve you? Yes: 4 No: 5 3. Were you ever physically hurt during these episodes? Yes: 3 No: 6 4. Were you verbally abused during these episodes? Yes: 9 No: 0 5. How did your experience affect your daily life: 1. Made you shy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 2. Made you sad†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 3. Made you angry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 4. Made you aggressive towards others†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 6. Do you believe your experience to have been detrimental to your ability to enjoy and participate in school? 1. Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 2. No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 2 out of 9 respondents said they had witnessed or experienced domestic abuse throughout their lives. Just under half of respondents said that they were directly involved in scenes of domestic violence and all respondents said they were verbally abused. The highest percentage(100%) said they had felt sad, while just under half felt aggressive towards other people. Interviews The four cases of domestic violence all revealed the problem of domestic violence to be one associated with isolation and taking place within the privacy of the home. All respondents admitted that they believed domestic violence to have negatively affected their children. Particularly poignant were the accounts of children becoming withdrawn, another aggressive, and another blaming her mother. All these findings are consistent with the secondary research presented in the first section of this dissertation. The interviews provided a surprisingly good response. Some people might be reluctant to admit to the presence of violence in their domestic life, especially if it involves their children, in fear of admitting that they are (directly, or indirectly) causing their child to be unhappy. However, all four respondents answered openly and honestly about their experiences. Conclusion This dissertation has looked into a cross section of the population in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of London. Teenagers and women who were known to have experienced abuse were asked questions about their experiences and both reported feelings of sadness and aggression. Random sample of women with children also revealed that nearly half of the population had experienced a domestic violence act of some kind in their lives. The findings were consistent with the secondary research, such as the study by Piaget 1972, and Cooper 1999, both of which found that young children had difficulty in play activities and social integration, both at pre-school and primary level. The study by Ballonet al on aggressive teenagers also correlated with the responses from the questionnaires handed out at the youth centre. It is not possible to say that there are more domestic violence cases in black communities or that they are caused by demographic and stress factors. A study by Richardson et al on the prevalence of domestic violence against women looked for a correlation between demographic factors and domestic violence. They concluded that black women were least likely to have ever experienced domestic violence compared to their white female counterparts.(Richardson et al 2002:274). The interview with the British mother found that the violence she had experienced was mostly verbal and did not involve physical force directed at her. Out of the four women she was the only one still tube with her husband with whom she had fought with. This is not consistent with the secondary research presented at the beginning which suggested that more black women stayed with their spouses in fear of what might happen if they left. Future research might explore the marital status of black women in the Hammersmith and Fulham area and the stability of the family unit. Interviews with more than one member of a family might also be useful in order to gain a different perspective on the same incidents. To conclude, domestic violence appears to have a negative impact on children and young people. Initial responses might be guilt, fear, sleeplessness and a desire to protect their mother. In pre-schoolchildren the learning ability and playfulness is often damaged by the experience of domestic violence. In children of all ages research has shown that behaviour is modelled on what they see around them, and this can lead to anti-social behaviour to peers and strangers. Longer-term effects include an inability to trust other people, withdrawing from social situations, depression, and in worse cases aggression on the streets, and drug and alcohol abuse.